Lip Print Pattern among Children Visiting Dental Out patient department.

BACKGROUND: Lip print patterns are unique in every individual. The uniqueness of lip print pattern assists in the personal identification. The objectives of the present study were to study the different lip print patterns among the children visiting Kanti Children's Hospital, and to compare the distribution of lip print patterns based on gender and race. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 children visiting the Dental Outpatient Department of Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Convenience sampling method was used to choose the study subjects. Digital photography method was used to record the image of lips. RESULTS: The study showed 'Long vertical' (Type I) as the most frequent (41%) type of lip print pattern, whereas 'Unspecified' (Type V) was the least frequent (2.7%) type. Prevalence of 'Type I' pattern was significantly higher in males as compared to females (p=0.007) whereas prevalence of 'Type IV' pattern was significantly higher in females as compared to males (p=0.006). 'Type I' pattern was the commonest lip print pattern among both Caucasians and Mongolian, whereas 'Type V' (2%) and 'Type IV' (3.7%) were the least common lip print patterns in Caucasians and Mongolian children respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 'Long vertical' (Type I) was the most common lip print pattern among the children visiting the Dental Outpatient Department of Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Nevertheless, in higher or lesser numbers, all kinds of lip print patterns as described by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi were seen in the study population.

Distribution and Uniqueness in the Pattern of Lip Prints.

Introduction Lip prints are the characteristic pattern of wrinkles and grooves on the labial mucosa. Lip prints can be classified into various patterns and can be used for personal identification as they are unique and do not change during the life of a person. Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with the identification of humans based on lip traces. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the distribution of lip print patterns, to assess gender differences, and to calculate the lip score using a weighted value scoring system. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Guwahati, India, from May to October 2023, after getting approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). A total of 200 individuals (100 males and 100 females) were included in the study. Each lip print was divided into four quadrants. In each quadrant, up to 14 grooves were marked from the midline, and the pattern of each groove was observed. Each pattern was given an Arabic numeral score. Weighted values were given for the grooves in descending order from 15 to 1 with reference to their position from the midline of the lip print. The product of the Arabic numeral score of the groove and the weighted value of the groove is the lip line score. The sum of the lip line scores was calculated. Results The most common pattern observed in the present study is type II, with 3,816/12,000 (31.8%), followed by type I' with 3,146/12,000 (26.21%), type I with 1,865/12000 (15.54%), type III with 1,491/12,000 (12.42%), type IV with 1,133/12,000 (9.44%), and type V with 549/12,000 (4.5%). The mean total lip score is 1,467.68 (1,486.41 in males and 1448.96 in females). Conclusion Lip prints are unique and useful for personal identification, as the lip score in various quadrants and the total lip score are different for different individuals.

Lip print evidence: Poland as the Last Bastion of Practical Cheiloscopy.

Cheiloscopic examinations have long been conducted, and many scientists have reported the usefulness of cheiloscopy for personal identification with a characteristic and individual pattern of furrows on the vermilion lip. For almost 40 years, research conducted in Poland has determined the patterns of these furrows and the separation and development of their individual features. This was the basis for forming expert opinions and presenting them in court as evidence. In Poland, cheiloscopic expertise is performed and the results of precise procedures that are accredited and assessed serve as evidence. Although the legal system in Poland (continental system) is completely different from the American system, cheiloscopic expertise was also assessed in detail according to the American standards of evidence. This narrative review presents the problem of cheiloscopic expertise as a scientific and practical issue and provides a brief historical overview of this field and the foundations of the Polish cheiloscopic identification method. We conclude that Poland has sufficient historical background and a robust development of cheiloscopy in the field on a scientific and legal basis; however, due to its reports being in the Polish language, its absence from the most relevant specialized literature, or simply a lack of cooperation between countries and experts, the country has unfairly been left out of the discussion. We believe that a new look at the Polish contribution to lip print identification is necessary to reinsert this topic into the current discussion of a new identification paradigm.

Sex Determination Using Direct Photography Technique: a Mobile-phone Camera: A Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley) (Penentuan Jantina Menggunakan Teknik Fotografi Terus: Kamera telefon bimbit: Pendekatan Digital untuk Analisis Cetakan Bibir dalam Penduduk Melayu Malaysia (Lembah Klang) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Cheiloscopy may not be as well-known as other techniques of identification, such as fingerprint or DNA analysis, but it has its own impact in the appropriate circumstances. Cheiloscopy has been recognized as an important tool for human identification. A manual approach of studying lip prints was utilised by many researchers (magnifying glasses). Nonetheless, the current study relied solely on a mobile phone camera to visually capture lip prints for sex determination. 377 samples of lip prints were analysed with Adobe Photoshop software and classified into six different types of lip print patterns, according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classifications. Lip prints were divided into six sections including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower left, lower middle and lower right. Pearson's Chi-square test revealed significant differences between male and female lip prints (p < 0.05) among the Malaysian Malay population of the Klang Valley, with Type V (irregular pattern) lip prints being the most prevalent. In comparison to magnifying glasses, our studies proved the ability to record and examine lip prints utilising a digital approach.

A Questionnaire-Based Study to Assess Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Cheiloscopy as a Forensic Odontology Diagnostic Tool Among Dental Professionals.

Background: The lips are covered with grooves and wrinkles, which form a characteristic pattern called a "lip print. The study of lip prints is called cheiloscopy. Searching for lip prints in the crime scene investigation helps in personnel identification and establishment of the true nature of the crime. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of cheiloscopy among dental undergraduates, postgraduate students, and general dental practitioners. Materials and methods : This cross-sectional observational, descriptive, survey-based study was conducted among 320 dental professionals, which included undergraduates, graduates, postgraduate dental students, and general dental practitioners aged between 18 and 32 years. A self-administered structured questionnaire written in English and Arabic was distributed to all willing participants. The questionnaire included knowledge and awareness-based questions along with demographic details of the participants. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied to find out the association between the characteristics of the study participants and their knowledge and awareness of forensic odontology. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant for all the statistical tests using IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results: A total of 320 dental professionals completed the survey. The majority of participants (55.3%) were males (and 14.4% were females) between the ages of 23 and 27. Most of the participants were general dental practitioners (36.9%), followed by undergraduates (26.3%), graduates (8.8%), and postgraduates (18.1%). Cheiloscopy, the study of lip prints, was known to 36.6% of the participants. Whereas the majority of the participants (63.4%) were not aware of it. Postgraduate (46.7%) students had more knowledge as compared to undergraduates, graduates, and general dental practitioners. About 81.6% of the participants were not aware of the classification of lip prints by Tsuchihashi and Suzuki. Conclusion:Overall, there was a lack of knowledge and awareness of cheiloscopy among all study participants, although they had good knowledge of forensic odontology. Compared to undergraduates and graduates, postgraduate dentistry students showed a greater level of cheiloscopy knowledge and awareness. Comparatively to students, general dentists, however, lacked understanding and awareness of cheiloscopy. This condition, however, can be improved if necessary steps are taken to make forensic odontology a part of the dental curriculum in Saudi Arabia.

Lip print enhancement: review.

Lip print (LP) evidence can be an essential tool for human forensics. LPs have conventionally been developed using substances such as lysochrome dyes, fluorescent dyes, indigo dye, aluminium powder, and silver metallic powder. However, techniques for LP enhancement from various substrates are currently inconsistent and lack standardisation in practice. This review summarises current knowledge on the physical and chemical techniques of LP enhancement, identifies limitations, and provides suggestions for future research on practical applications of cheiloscopy as a forensic tool in criminal justice.Key pointsThe grooves and wrinkles of the human lip establish unique patterns that persist throughout life.Cheiloscopic patterns exhibit discriminatory individual characteristics that may constitute circumstantial forensic evidence.Enhancement techniques for latent lip prints on porous and nonporous substrates can be classified as physical or chemical.Unlike fingerprint, there is a current lack of consistency and/or standardisation on latent lip print enhancement methods in frontline forensic practice.

Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy as Behavior Assessment Tool in Dental Settings: A Cross-sectional Study.

PURPOSE: Assessment of children's behavior in the dental setting and its correlation with thumb print and lip print. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The behavior pattern, lip print pattern, and thumb print pattern of 518 children aged 5-12 years were recorded in their first dental visit. The behavior pattern, lip print pattern, and thumb print pattern were determined using Frankl's Behavior Rating Scale, Tsuchihashi's classification, and Cummin's classification, respectively. The data were tabulated according to the classified criteria and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: It was observed that positive and definitely positive Frankl Behavior was associated with the children bearing an arch pattern of thumb print, whereas their lip pattern had no association with their behavior pattern, particularly in dental sittings. CONCLUSION: Thumb print pattern can aid as a behavior marker before a child's first dental appointment and this can prove beneficial for both the child and the clinician in providing a high quality of dental care and modify behavior for future dental appointments. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Navit S, Pramanik S, Khan SA, et al. Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy as Behavior Assessment Tool in Dental Settings: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):238-242.

Lip print: a humanitarian forensic action / Huella labial: una acción forense humanitaria

ABSTRACT Introduction: forensic science involves diverse scientific disciplines that apply their particular expertise to the legal and judicial system. However, in the last decades this science has been linked to humanitarian actions and human rights proceedings. Forensic dentistry plays a vital role in personal identification. The lip print analysis is a relatively a simple procedure used in this discipline. It consists of patterns evaluation of cracks in the elevations and depressions on the labial mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the lip print patterns of a southern Colombian population in order to add evidence of preconditions for forensic issues as part of a humanitarian forensic action. Methods: a total of 384 participants ≥ 35 years old were included in this study. The lip prints were analyzed through Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification in order to identify the predominant lip prints in males and females. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the sample characteristics and a χ2 test was performed to analyze independence according to sex variable for these categorical data. Results: the analyses showed that Type I and I' together were the most commonly lip prints seen in this sample, followed by Type II. There were not statistical differences between males and females. Conclusions: the evaluation of lip prints is a cost-effective method, and it could be an alternative in developing countries, especially in those that address massive violations of human rights.

RESUMEN Introducción: la ciencia forense involucra diversas disciplinas científicas que aplican su experiencia particular al ámbito legal y judicial. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas esta ciencia se ha relacionado con acciones humanitarias y procesos de derechos humanos. La odontología forense juega un papel vital en la identificación personal. El análisis de la huella labial es un procedimiento relativamente sencillo utilizado en esta disciplina. Éste consiste en la evaluación de patrones de fisuras en elevaciones y depresiones de la mucosa labial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar patrones de huella labial en una población del sur de Colombia, con el fin de agregar evidencia de precondiciones para problemas forenses como parte de una acción forense humanitaria. Métodos: en este estudio se incluyó un total de 384 participantes ≥ 35 años. Las huellas labiales se analizaron mediante la clasificación de Suzuki y Tsuchihashi para identificar el predominio en hombres y mujeres. Se utilizó un análisis descriptivo para identificar las características de la muestra y se realizó una prueba de χ2 para analizar la independencia en la variable sexo para estos datos categóricos. Resultados: los análisis mostraron que los Tipos I y I' en conjunto fueron las huellas labiales más comunes que se observaron, seguidas del Tipo II. No existieron diferencias estadísticas entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: la evaluación de las huellas labiales es un método económico y podría ser una alternativa en países en desarrollo, especialmente en aquellos que sustentan violaciones masivas de derechos humanos.

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay population (Klang Valley): Scanning Technique (Analisis Cap Bibir Populasi Melayu di Lembah Klang secara Digital: Teknik Imbasan) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Lip print is useful in forensic investigations for individual identification. The present study aimed to discriminate sex based on lip print patterns in Malaysian Malay population in Klang Valley using a scanning technique. Lip prints of 360 subjects (180 males and 180 females) were taken using the lipstick-cellophane tape technique, pasted onto A4 papers. These papers were then scanned using Brother DCP-J100 printer (300dpi resolution). The images were analysed using a software based on Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification. The lip print images were divided into six sections which are upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. The Pearson chi-square test showed that there are significant differences (p < 0.05) between sexes in each section except for the upper middle section. In males, type V (irregular pattern) was the dominant pattern for upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7%) while type IV (reticular pattern) was dominant at upper and middle sections (ranging from 57.2% to 66.1%). Type IV (48.3%) was dominant in upper middle section for female, while for the rest of the sections, type V was the dominant lip print pattern (ranging from 40% to 82.8%). These results showed that sex differentiation between males and females in Malaysian Malay population, Klang Valley can be suggested to be used for identification in forensic investigation.

Cheiloscopy in gender determination: A study on 2112 individuals.

BACKGROUND: Lip prints are seen to remain the same for an individual throughout his/her life. Cheiloscopy can be used as an effective tool in the identification of the persons from pieces of evidence that may be left behind from lip prints. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current research was to evaluate the predominant lip groove pattern among Calicut population, Kerala. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 2112 individuals (1056 males and 1056 females) in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KMCT Dental College, Calicut, Kerala. Lipstick was used to record the lip groove patterns and the patterns were visualized by magnifying lens after the institutional ethical clearance and informed consent from the individual. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software 22.0. RESULTS: Among the study population, Type 1', Type 1, Type 4, and Type 5 were found to be common lip groove patterns. Males showed predominance on Type 1' and Type 1 lip groove patterns, whereas females showed predominance on Type 4 and Type 5 lip groove patterns. The results were similar when analyzed on upper and lower lips separately on males and females. CONCLUSION: Cheiloscopy is a reliable tool in personal identification and gender determination of an individual. The geographical prevalence of lip groove patterns was reported in the current research and is added to the database of the anthropological data. Studies in different geographical regions will add lip groove patterns on the database in the future and henceforth the potential of cheiloscopy could be further utilized.

Correlation and Comparison of Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy with Blood Groups ­ An Institutional Study

Background: The most crucial evidence that is left behind at the crime scenarios that might narrow down the suspect pool are lip prints and fingerprints. These are undoubtedly the most reliable and valuable evidence till date in the court of law. One more biological record that remains unchanged throughout the lifespan of a person is the blood group. Aim and Objectives: To study, correlate and compare cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy with blood group among dental students in the Western Maharashtra population. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 dental students with age groups ranging between 18-25 years were included in the study. Lip print pattern, fingerprint pattern and ABO blood groups were collected and compared. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyse the data. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between lip prints and ABO - Rh (χ2 37.56, P < 0.05) as well as between fingerprints and ABO-Rh blood groups (χ2 30.6, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Hence, this study concluded that fingerprints-ABO blood group and lip prints-ABO blood groups are valuable evidence that can be relied upon in forensic investigations for the identification of the suspect in crime.

Lip Print Analysis in Malaysian Chinese Population (Klang Valley): Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique (Analisis Cap Bibir Populasi Cina Malaysia di Lembah Klang: Teknik Gincu-Pita Selofan) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Cheiloscopy is recognized as a tool for personal identification due to its strength in criminalistics. In this study, the lip print of Malaysian Chinese population in Klang Valley was used for gender determination using lipstick-cellophane technique. 412 subjects (203 males and 209 females) were selected conveniently. Lipstick was first applied on the lips and the lip print was lifted using cellophane tape prior to pasting them onto a plain A4 paper and analysis using magnifying glass. Six topography areas of lip prints were classified using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification, including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. Chi-square test showed that all lip sections were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Type II was the dominant pattern in four lip sections for both genders: upper left (male 81.3%, female 57.4%), upper right (male 71.9%, female 42.9%), lower left (male 98.0%, female 90.0%) and lower right (male 96.1%, female 86.1%). Type IV was the dominant pattern for both middle part of the lips; upper middle (male 56.2%, female 50.7%) and lower middle (male 62.6%, female 50.2%). The results showed that gender can be differentiated based on lip print patterns. This finding suggested that cheiloscopy could be used in aiding personal identification for forensic investigation.

Estudo queiloscópico em graduandos da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco: estudo-piloto / Study cheiloscopy in undergraduate of the Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco: pilot study

Esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar e classificar os sulcos das impressões labiais obtidas, e estabelecer relação entre os tipos de sulcos presentes nas impressões labiais e o fenótipo cor da pele e o sexo. A amostra foi composta por 60 estudantes de graduação do curso de Odontologia, de ambos os sexos. Para determinação e classificação dos sulcos labiais (Tipos I, I', II, III, IV e V), fez-se uso de amostras individuais de batons para tomada das impressões em suporte de cartolina branca. O sulco labial mais comum encontrado foi o Tipo I, seguido pelo Tipo II e pelo Tipo I'. Nos sexos feminino e masculino, o Tipo I e Tipo II foram os padrões dominantes. Os sulcos do Tipo II e I` foram predominantes em melanodermas; nos faiodermas e leucoderma, no entanto, os padrões predominantes foram os Tipos I e II. Pode-se concluir que a análise da impressão labial tem o potencial para o reconhecimento do gênero de um indivíduo, embora requeira um estudo detalhado para a realização correta do queilograma... (AU)

The aim of this study was to identify and classify the grooves of lip prints obtained, and establish a relationship between the types of labial grooves present on the prints and the phenotype of skin color and gender. The sample consisted of 60 graduate students, of both sexes. For determination and classification of lip grooves (Types I, I', II, III, IV and V), individual lip printing taken from lipsticks on white cardboard were used. The most common labial groove found, according to the classification proposed by Suzuky and Tsuchihaschi (1970), was type I, followed by Type II and Type I'. In females and in males, Type I and II were the dominant patterns. The grooves of the type II and I' were prevalent in melanoderm, in faioderm and in Caucasian the predominants patterns were types I and II. It can be concluded that lip print analysis has the potential for the recognition of the gender of an individual, but requires a detailed study to correctly perform the cheilogram... (AU)

Detection of cellular material in lip-prints.

We report on the visualization of cellular material within lip-prints using Diamond™ dye (DD). The transfer of cellular material via the lips can occur in cases of contact with food or drinking items as well as cases of alleged sexual assault involving oral contact. DD can effectively detect cellular material transferred by touch. Here we investigate if lip-prints can be detected and whether there is consistency within, or variability between, a person's propensity to shed cells within lip-prints. Ten volunteers were asked to press their lips against a glass slide with medium pressure for 15 s after not eating or drinking for at least 30 min. Both upper and lower lips were observed, and all tests were performed in five replicates, giving in total 900 observed areas. Consistency in the amount of cellular material deposited by lip-prints for each of the 10 individuals was observed, with each individual being associated with a 'lip shedder' status between the extremes of heavy and light. The majority of females shed more cells than the majority of males. No correlation was observed between the lip-prints shedder-status compared to deposition of cellular material from a thumb. Further, no correlation was observed between lip morphology and the 'lip shedder' status. Visualization of cellular material was not affected by lip-balm but was adversely affected by cosmetics such as lipstick. This technique demonstrates the visualization of deposited cells from parts of the body other than fingers and how cellular material can be visualized allowing targeted collection of DNA.

Determination of Relationship between Lip Prints and Skeletal Malocclusion in Children of Age 9-14 Years.

AIM: To determine the relationship between lip prints and sagittal skeletal jaw relation in children of age 9-14 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lateral cephalograms of a total of 90 children were analyzed cephalometrically to categorize as skeletal class I, II, or III jaw relation groups. Each group had 30 patients. Lip prints of each sample were recorded and analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data obtained were statistically analyzed (Z test) to compare lip print patterns among patients of different sagittal skeletal jaw relations. RESULTS: (1) Type IV lip print pattern was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in occurrence on lower lip of class III group males when compared to males of class I group; (2) The proportion of type I lip print pattern on lower lip was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in overall subjects having class II jaw relation; (3) Type II lip print pattern on upper lip and type I lip print pattern on lower lip were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females of class II group as compared to class III group; (4) Type III upper lip print pattern was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females of class III group as compared to class II group. CONCLUSION: In the present study, type I lip print pattern on lower lip was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in overall subjects having class II jaw relation; some interrelations between lip print patterns and malocclusions were found especially in skeletal class II and III jaw relation groups. No definite lip print pattern could be associated with any particular sagittal skeletal jaw relation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Lips prints and craniofacial skeleton develop at the same embryonic period. Developmental factors that cause malocclusions might also reflect in the lip print patterns. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Allani S, Setty JV, Srinivasan I, et al. Determination of Relationship between Lip Prints and Skeletal Malocclusion in Children of Age 9-14 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(6):494-499.

Diferencias por género a través del estudio de los tipos de huellas labiales en estudiantes de posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires / Gender differences through the study of lip prints types in postdoctoral students from the School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires

Las huellas labiales representan una alternativa para la identificación humana por ser únicas en cada persona. Se buscó establecer la frecuencia de tipos de huellas labiales en estudiantes de Posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, tomando como referencia la clasificación de Suzuki y Tsuchihashi. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 50 hombres y 50 mujeres. Se fotografiaron los labios de cada participante, aplicando posteriormente lápiz labial a los efectos de que efectúen impresiones sobre un soporte de papel, estableciéndose los diferentes tipos de huellas. Se transcribieron los datos a una ficha diseñada a tal afecto y las fotografías se almacenaron en una computadora, conformando una base de datos. Para el género femenino, el tipo labial II (líneas bifurcadas), se halló en el 100% de la muestra. En el género masculino los tipos labiales predominantes fueron el I (líneas verticales completas) y II (líneas bifurcadas), ambos presentes en 48 participantes (96%). No existe diferencia significativa entre la frecuencia de tipos de huellas labiales en ambos géneros, por lo que sería factible la identificación humana en Argentina, desde el punto de vista poblacional e individual, en personas con similares características que la muestra estudiada (AU)

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley): Photograph on Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Personal identification in forensic investigation is not an easy process. Lip print analysis is one of the techniques that can be used to assist in human identification. This study was conducted to investigate the sex based on lip print pattern among Malaysian Malay population in Klang Valley, using photograph on lipstick-cellophane tape technique and the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. A total of 360 subjects (180 males and 180 females) aged 15 and above were included in this study. The lip print was taken by pressing a cellophane tape to the lipstick applied on lip, pasted it onto a plain A4 paper and then photographed using a smart phone camera (OPPO F1). The images were then analysed using Adobe Photoshop software. A lip print image were divided into six sections: upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. The Pearson chi-square test showed that there are significant differences between sexes in each section except for the upper middle section. Type V (irregular pattern) was the dominant pattern for the upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7% for males and 80.6% to 83.9% for females) while type IV (reticular pattern) was mostly found in upper middle and lower middle section. Malaysian female displayed type V as the dominant lip print pattern in every section (ranging from 39.4% to 83.9%) except upper middle section and for Malaysian male, type V dominated the lip print pattern in all section (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7%) except for the upper and lower middle section. The result of this study can be applied in assisting the human identification for forensic science investigation.

Evaluation of Lip Prints on Different Supports Using a Batch Image Processing Algorithm and Image Superimposition.

This study aimed to develop and to assess an algorithm to facilitate lip print visualization, and to digitally analyze lip prints on different supports, by superimposition. It also aimed to classify lip prints according to sex. A batch image processing algorithm was developed, which facilitated the identification and extraction of information about lip grooves. However, it performed better for lip print images with a uniform background. Paper and glass slab allowed more correct identifications than glass and the both sides of compact disks. There was no significant difference between the type of support and the amount of matching structures located in the middle area of the lower lip. There was no evidence of association between types of lip grooves and sex. Lip groove patterns of type III and type I were the most common for both sexes. The development of systems for lip print analysis is necessary, mainly concerning digital methods.

Heritability and correlation of lip print, palm print, fingerprint pattern and blood group in twin population.

BACKGROUND: Twins are similar in many ways owing to the genetical and environmental factors. However, still, there are certain things that are not similar among them, and this is the challenge for personal identification among the twins. OBJECTIVES: Our present study aimed to know and assess the similarities and differences present between the monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins in relation to lip prints, palm prints, fingerprints and blood group and to evaluate their heritability among parents and their offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 30 twins and their parents - 15 identical and 15 nonidentical twins. The age of twins ranged from 15 years to 40 years. Lip print, palm print, fingerprint and blood group were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: All the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The identical twins showed more percentage of similarities in comparison to the non identical twins. The inheritance pattern was significant for twins in case of their lip prints while palm prints and finger prints showed no such significance in inheritance pattern whereas there was significant association seen in case of blood groups of identical twins and their parents. CONCLUSION: Lip prints, palm prints, fingerprints and blood groups are the important parameters in forensic science for individual identification. Many studies have been done till now in individual but very few studies done in twin population. To the best of knowledge, ours is the first study of its kind with multiple parameters and its heritability in twins. We have observed that heritability in twins with relation to lip print was statistically significant and all the parameters can be used independently to identify the twins.

A study of distribution, sex differences and stability of lip print patterns in an Indian population.

Lip prints are very useful in forensic investigations. The objective of this study is to determine predominant lip print pattern found among a central Indian population, to evaluate whether any sex difference exists and to study the permanence of the pattern over a 6 month duration. This study included 200 healthy adult subjects comprising of 100 males and 100 females in the age group of 18-25 years. A convenient and easier method of data collection i.e., digital photography was used instead of the traditional lipstick methods. Lip prints were then divided into four quadrants and recognized as per Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification. Type I (30.63%) was found to be most predominant overall in the Marathi population. Type I (29.75%) and Type III (35.75%) were found most prevalent in males and females respectively. Applying the Chi-Square test, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between male and female lip print patterns in each of the quadrants individually and all quadrants taken together. The lip print patterns remained stable over a period of six-months. Being stable and with significant sex differences, lip prints can be effectively used as an important tool in forensic investigations for individualization as well as identification of sex of the donor, thus, narrowing down the scope of investigation to almost half.